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PRESENTED BY 



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ANNUAL ORATION 



BEFORE THE 



Igfel and ilraigiga! jhntti of iarvlaii 



APRIL 14, 1875. 



CONTRIBUTION TO THE 



Medical History and Physical Geography 



i 



OF MARYLAND. 



By JOSEPH M<f TONER, M. D. 



Reprinted from the Transactions of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 

Maryland, 1875. 




BALTIMORE: 

INNES & COMPANY, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 

1875. 










„.* 



ANNUAL ORATION 



Mr. President and Gentlemen of the 

Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland : 

My appearance before you to-day by your own solicitation, is a 
compliment which I highly appreciate, as it is an honor that should 
satisfy the ambition of any physician. The want of time, however, 
and the pressing duties of a general and somewhat exacting practice, 
warned me to decline the invitation. It might have been wiser 
to heed the warning ; but the friendly feelings I entertain for the 
profession of Maryland, and for my many friends who are members 
of this association, rather than my judgment, induced me to at- 
tempt the task. The speaker who hopes to interest or instruct a 
society, must at least be acquainted with the scope and require- 
ments, as well as the responsibilities, of the organisation he addresses. 
Without any of the qualities of an orator, it is, I fear, the ex- 
treme of temerity in me, to attempt to interest an audience in a city 
where oratory seems to be an inborn gift. I must therefore crave 
your brotherly forbearance with my shortcomings ; and shall en- 
deavor to confine my remarks as closely as possible to facts and 
suggestions, that I trust may to some extent interest the medical 
profession of Maryland. 

From the earliest settlement of Maryland, the members of 
the medical profession within her borders have not only enjoyed, 
but deserved, the reputation of being highly educated and ac- 
complished physicians and surgeons, as well as influential and 
patriotic citizens. In glancing over the names of those who 
have occupied prominent positions, and have taken leading parts 
in measures for the advancement of the public good and state 
policy, whether in its social, civil or political departments, it is 



apparent that the members of the medical profession of Mary- 
land, in the past century, and up to the present time, have held 
most honorable positions on the pages of her history. But 
throughout the United States, of late years, there has been a 
notable absence of physicians in legislative bodies, and it seems 
to be the fact that the profession has not been exercising its former 
influence in public affairs. With rare exceptions, the physician no 
longer accepts public office. Considering the good of the public, 
I am persuaded this change is unfortunate, as no other class of 
men, from its education and sympathies, other things being equal, 
is so well qualified to judge of the necessity, propriety, scope and 
efficiency of many subjects of legislation. I consider the calling 
of the physician, when intelligently pursued, to be the most neces- 
sary and useful of professions, the most catholic in its practice 
and purposes, and the most essential to the necessities, the pre- 
servation and the higher development of the race. It is a re- 
cognised fact that professional studies give to an enlightened mind 
a balance, encourage the exercise of individual endowments and 
energies, and awaken the best sympathies and highest aspirations 
of which man is capable. But devotion and enthusiasm are essential 
elements to the highest success of medical men. I know of no 
other school so well calculated for the development of these 
qualities as professional experience. The faculty of rapid and 
exact observation, and the creating of self-reliance, with an ability 
to seize upon the important, by eliminating the seeming from the 
essential, elements of a case, are nowhere so well learned as by the 
busy and responsible life of a country practitioner. The marvel- 
lous development which the different senses of the physician acquire 
by study and cultivation, would surprise one not accustomed to 
reflect upon the subject. The eye, the ear, touch, taste and smell, 
all attain a degree of acuteness and precision of which the non- 
professional has no conception. In a State medical association, 
composed as it is of the leading and thoughtful physicians from 
the cities and rural districts, we find many country practitioners 
possessing in a high degree the elements that entitle them to the 
front rank, not only as medical men, but as leaders of public 
thought and moulders of legislation. 

As confirmatory of these views, and to preserve a record of the 



honorable positions the medical men of Maryland took in public 
matters before and during the American Revolution, and as pos- 
sessing particular significance with our approaching Centennial, 
I append as a note a list of the names of nearly one hundred 
physicians of the State of Maryland, with a brief reference to the 
public positions they held.* Iso doubt there are many others en- 

*Ahl (John Peter), of Baltimore County, was placed upon the pension- 
roll May 1, 1821, for services as Surgeon's Mate in the Maryland Line. He 
died July 13, 1827, aged 85 years.— (l Pension Roll;' Vol. XIII, p. 29. 

Allen (Moses) was a member of the Talbot County Committee of Obser- 
vation, in March, 1775. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. II, p. 175. 

Andrews (Thomas) was directed by the Maryland Council of Safety, July 
10, 1776, to test a number of guns made for the Continental forces. — American 
Archives, 5th series, Vol. I, p. 154. 

Annin (William) was commissioned by the Maryland Council of Safety, 
August 28, 1776, Assistant Surgeon of Col. Hall's Battalion. — American Arch- 
ives, 5th series. Vol. I, p. 1361. 

Archer (John) was elected a member of the Harford County Committee of 
Correspondence, at a meeting of the inhabitants, held June 11, 1774. He was 
subsequently, January 6, 1776, appointed Second Major of Col. Hall's Battalion 
by the Maryland Convention, and on October 1, 1776, was allowed £100 by the 
Council of Safety, to disburse on its behalf. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. 
I, p. 403 ; Vol. IV, p. 737; 5th series, Vol. II, p. 637. 

Bakek (Willtam) was elected a member of the Committee of Correspond- 
ence, and of a committee to attend the meeting of the General Committee at 
Annapolis, at a meeting of the inhabitants of the lower part of Frederick Co., 
June 11, 1774. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. I, p. 403. 

Beanes (William) was elected a member of the committee to carry into 
execution in Prince George's County the Association of the American Conti- 
nental Congress, at a meeting of the inhabitants, held at Upper Marlborough, 
in December, 1774. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. I, p. 1012. 

Beard (William) was requested, among other physicians of Baltimore, by 
the Baltimore County Committee, May 23, 1776, to retrain from inoculating 
with the small-pox, in order to prevent the appearance of the disease among 
the troops. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. VI, p. 1459. 

Bishop (Smith) was allowed, August 15, 1776, by the Maryland Council of 
Safety, £71 for medical attendance on Capt. Watkins' Company of regular 
troops. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. I, p. 1353. 

Bourke or Bourk (Thomas) was commissioned Feb. 10, 1776, by the Mary- 
land Council of Safety, Capt. of the " Cambridge Blues," of the Dorchester 
County militia. He was afterwards commissioned by the Maryland Council of 
Safet} r , August 2, 1776, Capt. of a company of militia for Flying Camp. — Amer- 
ican Archives, 4th series, Vol V, p. 1533; 5th series, Vol.1, pp. 430,974, 1024, 
1343, 1351. 

Boyd (Benjamin), aged 74 years, was placed upon the pension-roll, February 
13, 1819, for services as Surgeon's Mate in the Maryland Line. — " Pension Roll,"'' 
Vol. XIII, p. 39. 

Boyd (John) was requested, with other physicians of Baltimore, by the 
Baltimore County Committee, May 28, 1776, to refrain from inoculating with 
small-pox, to prevent the appearance of the disease among the troops. He 
was a member of the Baltimore County Committee of Observation in January, 
1775, and was elected clerk of the Committee. November 30, 1774, he was 
elected a member of the Baltimore County Committee of Correspondence, and 
also a delegate to the Maryland Convention. He received various minor 
appointments and commissions from the Council of Safety. — American Archives, 
4th series, Vol I, p. 1146; Vol. II, p. 1653; Vol. Ill, pp. 125, 1253, 1949; Vol. 
IV, pp 1691, 1692, 1701, 1708. 1713,1722, 1726; Vol. V, pp. 186, 930, 984, 1571 ; 
Vol. VI, p. 1459 ; 5th series, Vol. II, pp. 117, 638. 



titled to mention that could be added by a more careful study. 
It is largely to this class of intelligent and self-sacrificing phy- 

Briscoe (John Hanson) was commissioned, August 27, 1776, by the Mary- 
land Council of Safety, surgeon of the Independent Companies, and was allowed 
£20 for the purchase of surgical instruments. — American Archives, 4th series, 
Vol II, p. 631 ; 5th series, Vol l,p. 1360. 

Brooke (Richard) was elected a member of the Prince George's County 
Committee, and a delegate to the Maryland Convention, at a meeting of the 
inhabitants, held at Upper Marlborough, in December, 1774. He was re- 
elected a delegate to the Maryland Convention, January 16, 1775. — American 
ArcJiives, 4th series, Vol. I, pp. 1012, 1142. 

Brown (James) was surgeon of Capt. James Kent's company of Minute 
Men, that marched from Queen Anne's County, February 3, 1776. — American 
Archives, 4th series, Vol. IV, p. 1533. 

Browne (Dr. ) had charge of a Maryland soldier, suffering from smallpox, 

at Port Tobacco, July 26, 1776. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol.1, p. 592. 

Budd (George) was appointed March 1, 1776, by the Maryland Council of 
Safety, surgeon of the ship " Defence." — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. V, 
p. 1540. 

Calvert (Jonathan) was surgeon's mate of Col. Harrison's Maryland and. 
Virginia regiment of artillery, from November 30, 1776, to April 1782. — SaffelVs 
" Records of the Revolutionary War," p 241. 

Chrystie (Thomas) was surgeon of Col. Charles Harrison's Maryland and 
Virginia regiment of artillery, from April 1, 1778, to April 1782. — SaffelVs "Re- 
cords of the Revolutionary War, 11 p. 241. 

Clayton (Joshua), of Cecil County, was commissioned by the Maryland 
Convention, January 6, 1776, 2d Major of Col. John Veazy, Jr.'s, battalion 
("Bohemia.")— American- Archives, 4th series, Vol. IV, p. 737. 

Coale (Samuel) was loaned by the Maryland Council of Safety, October 
21, 1775, £250, to enable him to carry on the manufacture of saltpetre.— 
American Archives, 4th serits, Vol. Ill, p. 1117. 

Craig (Dr. ) was requested, June 29, 1776, by the Maryland Council of 

Safety, to take charge of some militia suffering from small-pox. — American 
Archives, 4th series, Vol. VI, p. 1131. 

Dashiell (William) was allowed £22 10s. by the Maryland Council of 
Safety, May 13, 1776, for three mouths' pay as surgeon's mate in the Maryland 
Line. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. V, p. 1571. 

Denwood (Levin) was surgeon of the 3d Maryland regiment in June, 1781. 
— SaffelVs " Records of the Revolutionary War," p. 236. 

Digges (Joseph) was elected a member of the Prince George's County 
Committee of Safety, at a meeting of the inhabitants, held at Upper Marlbo- 
rough, January 16, 1775.— American Archives, 4th series, Vol. I, p. 1142. 

Donning (Richard) was commissioned assistant surgeon of Col. Griffith's 
battalion of Flying Camp, by the Maryland Council of Safety, September 6, 
1776. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. II, p. 628. 

Dorsey (John), of Frederick County, was recommended to the Maryland 
Council of Safety, in August, 1776, as a suitable person for a surgeoncy in the 
Maryland Line. In October, 1776, his name appears on the roster as surgeon of 
Col. Ewing's regiment of Maryland troops, to which position he had been 
appointed by the Maryland Convention, August 20, 1776. — American Archives, 
5th series, Vol. I, p. 1091 ; Vol II, p. 903 ; Vol. Ill, p. 92. 

Dorsey (Nathan) was commissioned, March 1st, 1776, by the Maryland 
Council of Safety, Surgeon's Mate of the ship " Defence." — American Archives. 

Edmonston (Samuel), of Maryland, was a hospital surgeon in the Conti- 
nental army. — Brown's " Medical Department of U. S. A." p. 264. 

Elbert (John L.) was a surgeon in the Maryland Line during the Revolution. 

Finley (Doctor) was recommended to the Maryland Council of Safety, in 
August, 1776, as a suitable person for a surgeoncy in the militia. — American 
Archives, 5th series, Vol. I, p. 1091. 

Fisher (Adam) was commissioned by the Frederick County Committee, in 



sicians that the profession of the State is indebted for the concep- 
tion and organisation of the Medical and Chirnrgical Faculty of 

December, 1775, to command a guard of men for the conveyance of prisoners 
from Frederick to Philadelphia, and was delegated to receive from Congress 
remuneration for the expense incurred by the escort. He, subsequently, re- 
ceived an appropriation of £600 from the Council to enable him to raise a com- 
pany in the Middle District of Frederick County, and was commissioned several 
times to make disbursements on behalf of the Council. — American Archives, Mh 
series, Vol. IV, p. 479; 5th series, Vol. II, pp. 629, 640, 643, 658. 

Gerwood (William) was commissioned, October 23, 1776, by the Maryland 
Council of Safety, assistant surgeon to Dr. Tootell — American Archives, 5th 
series, Vol. II, p. 655. 

Grant (Daniel) received £4 10s. from the Western Shore Treasurer, by 
order of the Council of Safety, February 3d, 1776, " for the use of his room." — 
American Archives, teh series, Vol. V,p. 1331. 

Gray (James) was elected a member of the Calvert County Committee of 
Observation, at a meeting of the inhabitants of the county held at the Court- 
House, September 12th, 1775. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. Ill, p. 694. 

Hall (Joseph) was commissioned surgeon of Col. Griffith's battalion of 
Flying Camp, by the Maryland Council of Safety, September 6th, 1776. — 
American Archives, 5th series, Vol. II, pp. 628, 636. 

Hall (William W.), of Baltimore County, Md., was placed upon the United 
States pension-roll, July 1, 1820, for services as Surgeon of United States Rifle 
Corps.—" Pension Boll," Vol. XIII, p. 7. 

Halleday (Leonard) was elected a member of the Prince George's County 
Committee, at a meeting of the inhabitants of the county, held at Upper Marl- 
borough, in December, 1774, and afterwards in September, 1775, was elected a 
member of the Committee of Observation. — American Arc7iives,ith series, Vol. I, 
p. 1012 ; Vol. Ill, p. 688. 

Hanie, or Hame, (Ezekiel) was a surgeon in the Maryland Line of the Con- 
tinental Army. — Brown's " Medical Department of U. S. A" p. 265. 

Hayne (Hezekiah) was Surgeon's Mate of the First Maryland Regiment, 
in June, 1781. — Sa.ffelVs Becords of the Bevolutionary War, p. 235. 

Hindman (John) received an appropriation from the Maryland Council of 
Safety, June 6,1776, for medical attendance on Capt. Hindman's company. He 
was afterwards appointed Surgeon of the Eastern Shore Battalion of Militia, of 
Flying Camp, August 17, 1776. — American Archives, Uh series, Vol. VI, p. 1467; 
5th series, Vol. I, p. 1362 ; Vol. Ill, p. 89. 

Howard (Ephraim) was present at a meeting of the Maryland Convention, 
held at Annapolis, July 26, 1775, as a delegate from Anne Arundel County. He 
was elected a member of the Anne Arundel County Committee of Observation, 
September 12, 1775, and was allowed £600 by the Council of Safety, October 
21, 1775, to enable him to carry on the manufacture of saltpetre. — American 
Archives, Wi series, Vol. Ill, pp. 99, 693, 1117. 

Howard (Thomas Henry) was commissioned July 9, 1776, by the Mary- 
land Council of Safety, Surgeon's Mate of a battalion to be stationed at Anna- 
polis and Baltimore.— American Archives, 5th series, Vol. I, pp. 1332, 1360. 

Ireland (John) was appointed a member of the St. Mary's County Gen- 
eral Committee, at a meeting of the county inhabitants held at Leonardtown. 
— American Archives, Mh series, Vol. I, p. 1060. 

Jenifer (Daniel) was appointed assistant to Dr. Briscoe, August 27, 1776, 
by the Maryland Council of Safety. He was subsequently commissioned Hos- 
pital Surgeon.— American Archives, 5th series, Vol. I, p. 1360; Vol. II, p. 626; 
Brown's " Med. Dept. U. S. A.," p. 264. 

Johnson (Edward) was elected Nov. 16, 1774, at a meeting of the inhabi- 
tants of Calvert County, a member of the Calvert County Committee to carry 
into execution the laws of the Continental Congress, and in September, 1775, 
he was elected a member of the Calvert County Committee of Observation. 
He was appointed supervisor of the manufacture of saltpetre for the county of 
Calvert, December 27, 1775. The Council of Safety delegated him, June 20, 



8 

Maryland. This Society was chartered in 1799, three-quarters of 
a century ago. One hundred and five physicians of prominence, 

1776, to investigate a reported discovery of a salt bed on the banks of the Pa- 
tuxent. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. I, p. 982 ; Vol. Ill, p. 694; Vol. IV, 
p. 725 ; Vol. VI, p 985. 

Johnson (John) was commissioned September 7, 1776, by the Maryland 
Council of Sa f ety, Assistant Surgeon of Col. Griffith's Battalion, of Flying 
Camp. He was recommended to the Council for such an appointment in Au- 
gust, 1776. The recommendation stated that "he is at present in Frederick 
Town." — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. J, page 1091 ; Vol. II, p. 628. 

*Keene (Samuel L.) was a surgeon's mate in the Maryland Line of the Con- 
tinental army. 

Kelty (William) was surgeon of the 4th Md. regiment in June, 1781. — 
SaffelVs " Records of the Rev War," p. 236. 

Kennedy (Patrick) was requested, with other physicians of Baltimore, 
by the Baltimore County Committee, May 28, 1776, to refrain from inocu- 
lating with the small-pox, in order to prevent the appearance of small-pox 
among the troops — American Archives, Ath series, Vol. VI, p. 1459. 

Lajournade (Alexander) was surgeon's mate of Col. Charles Harrison's 
regiment of Virginia and Maryland troops, from March 15, 1778, to April, 
1782.— SaffeWs " Records of the Rev, War," p. 241. 

Lemmon (Robert) received authority from the Baltimore County Committee, 
in 1775, to raise a company of militia in the North Hundred of Baltimore 
County. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. I, p. 1057 ; Ath series, Vol. VI, p. 1458. 

Lyon (William), of Soldier's Delight, was appointed a member of the 
Baltimore County Committee of Observation, May 15, 1775. — American 
Archives, Ath series, Vol. IV, p. 1713. 

Manadier (Henry), of Anne Arundel County, aged 77 years, was placed 
upon the pension-roll, November 23, 1832, for services as surgeon's mate of the 
Maryland Line during the Revolution.— "Pension Roll" Vol. XIII, p. 45. 

Martin (Ennals) received from the State £475 10s. 9d. pay for services as 
surgeon's mate in the Maryland Line, from June 1, 1777, to February 16, 1780. 
He was placed upon the pension-roll, July 16, 1832. He was at that time 76 
years of age, and resided in Talbot County.— SaffelVs " Records of the Rev. War" 
p. 238. " Pension Roll," Vol. XIII, p 51. 

Murray (Dr.) was the brother of Alexander Murray who made applica- 
tion for the command of the province schooner lying at Annapolis, to the 
Maryland Council of Safety, in November, 1776. — American Archives, 5th series, 
Vol. Ill, p. 660. 

Murrow or Morrow (David), of Charlestown, Md., was commissioned, 
August 28, 1776, by the Maryland Council of Safety, surgeon of Col. Hall's 
Battalion. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. I, pp. 627, 1361. 

Neale (Francis) was commissioned assistant surgeon of Col. Smallwood's 
battalion of regular troops, by the Maryland Council of Safety, October 8, 
1776. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. II, p. 640. 

Parnham (John), of Charles County, Was appointed, at a meeting 
of the inhabitants of the county, held at Port Tobacco, January 2, 
1775, to open subscriptions in the East Hundred of Trinity Parish, for the pur- 
pose of raising the sum of money required to be raised in the county, at the 
last meeting of the Provincial Couucil. — American Archives, Ath series, Vol, I, 
p. 1082 ; Vol. II, pp. 632, 644. 

Perry (John) was commissioned, October 7, 1776, by the Maryland Coun- 
cil of Safety, surgeon of a battalion to be raised under a previous resolution of 
Council. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. II, p. 640. 

Pindell (Richard) was surgeon of the 1st Maryland Battalion.— 2?n>«m's 
"Medical Department of U. S. Army," p. 265 ; SaffelVs "Records of the Revolu- 
tionary War," p. 235. 

Pine (John) was a surgeon in the Maryland Line in 1776. — American Arch- 
ives, 5th series, Vol. Ill, pp. 836, 837. 

Porter (Andrew) was recommended to the Maryland Convention, Sep- 



and actively engaged in practice at that period in the different 
cities and comities of the State, resolved upon its organisation. 

tember 7, 1776, as a suitable person for a surgeoncy in the Maryland troops. — 
American Archives, Vol. II, 5th series, p. 209. 

Potter (Zabdael) was appointed, August 24, 1776, by the Maryland 
Council of Safety, assistant surgeon of Col. William Richardson's battalion of 
Flying Camp, to accept which appointment he resigned his commission as 
ensign of the same regiment. — American Archives, 4t7i series, Vol. VI, p. 464; 5th 
series, Vol. I, p. 1358. 

Pottinger (Richard) was elected a member of the Prince George County 
Committee, in December, 1774, at a meeting of the inhabitants of the county, 
held at Upper Marlborough. He was afterwards commissioned by the Council 
of Safety to raise a company of men for the Flving Camp. — American Archives, 
Vol. I, 5th series, p. 1012 ; Vol. II, p. 104. 

Reeder (Henry) was elected a member of St. Mary's County General 
Committee, and of the Committee of Correspondence for the same county, at 
a meeting of the inhabitants, held at Leonardtown, December 23, 1774. In 
August, 1776, he received £10 9s. 6d. from the Council of Safety for medical 
attention on Capt. Thomas's Company of Maryland troops. — American Archives. 

Ringgold (Jacob) of Kent Island, was intrusted, in June and July, 1776, 
by the Council of Safety with the distribution of powder to the militia.' — 
American Archives, 5th series, Vol. I, pp. 386, 1341. 

Robinson (Dr.—) was allowed, August 23, 1776, by the Maryland Council 
of Safety, £5 6s. 6d., for medical attendance on Captain Forrest's company. — 
American Archives, Uh series, Vol. I, p. 1357. 

Scott (John) was elected a member of the Kent County Committee of Corres- 
pondence,at a meeting of the county inhabitants, held at Chestertown, June 2, 
1774. In December, 1775, he was appointed supervisor of saltpetre works in 
Kent County. — American Archives, 4th series, Vol. IV, p. 723 ; 5th teries,Vol. II, 
p. 379. 

Smith (Alexander) was a surgeon's mate in the Maryland infantry, and 
in August, 1778, he was commissioned surgeon of the Maryland part of the 
German battalion. — Brown's " Medical Department U.S.A.," p. 265; SaffelVs 
Records of Rev. War, p. 237. 

Stenhouse (Alexander), of Baltimore, was allowed £432 8s. 2d., in Febru- 
ary, 1776, by the Maryland Council'of Safety, for medicines purchased from him, 
for the use of the Provincial troops. — American Archives, Uh series. Vol. V,p. 1539. 

Stevenson (Henry) was requested, with other physicians of Baltimore, by 
the Baltimore County Committee, in May, 1776, to refrain from inoculating, 
until otherwise ordered, so as to prevent the appearance of small-pox among 
the Provincial troops. — American Archives, Uhseiies, Vol. VI, p. 1459. 

Stevenson (John), of Baltimore, was accused of illegally importing salt into 
the colonies from prohibited sources, and was, soon after, arraigned before the 
Baltimore County Committee, as an intercepted letter addressed to him showed 
that the writer was conniving at the evasion of the importation laws of the 
Province. He was again arraigned before the Committee, July 25, 1776, charged 
with making treasonable reflections upon the actions of Continental Congress. 
—American Archives, Uh series, Vol. II, pp. 34, 123, 308, 718, 1531 ; Vol. IV, pp. 
1698, 1699, 1705, 1706, 1719, 1720; Vol. V, p. 40; Vol. VI, pp. 933, 1462, 1464. 

Stockett (Thomas Noble) was commissioned September 26, 1776, by the 
Maryland Council of Safety, second assistant-surgeon of Colonel William Rich- 
ardson's battalion of Flying Camp. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. II,p. 636. 

Tabbs (Barton) was appointed, September 16, 1776, by the Council of 
Safety, assistant-surgeon of the seven Independent companies. — American 
Archives, Vol. II, p. 631. 

Taylor (Christopher), of Baltimore County, was placed on the pension 
roll, December 19th, 1828, for services as surgeon's mate in the Invalid Corps. — 
" Pension Roll," Vol. 13, p. 53. 

Tillotson (Thomas) was a hospital surgeon in the Maryland Line of the 
Continental Army. — Brown's " Medical Department U. S. A," p. 264. 



10 

I present in the form of a note, simply to save time in the read- 
ing of this address, brief sketches of the lives of about one-third 

Tootell (Richard) was elected a member of the Anne Arundel County 
Committee of Observation, and of the Committee of Correspondence, Septem- 
ber 12, 1775. In July, 1776, he was appointed surgeon-major of the Maryland 
troops, and two days later was commissioned surgeou of a battalion to be 
stationed at Annapolis and Baltimore. — American Archives, Uh seizes, Vol. 
II, p. 1112 ; Vol. Ill, pp. 693, 694 ; 5th series, Vol. I, pp. 101, 433, 593, 942, 993, 
1332, 1349 ; Vol. II pp. 458, 632, 643, 655, 659. 

Troope (Charles) was allowed £4 4s 6d, July 18th, 1776, by the Mary- 
land Council of Safety. — American Archive?, 5th series, Vol. I, p. 1338. 

Troup (John) was a member of the Talbot County Committee of Observa- 
tion, who met at Brascup's Tavern, in March, 1775. — American Archives, Uh 
series, Vol. II, p.\15. 

Wallace (John) was present at the Maryland Convention which met at 
Annapolis, July 26, 1775, as a delegate from Queen Anne's County. — American 
Archives, Uh series, Vol. Ill, p. 100. 

Wallace (Michael) was commissioned by the Maryland Council of 
Safety, March 7, 1776, assistant surgeon of a battalion of Maryland troops, and 
received numerous appropriations for medicines and services. — Armrican 
Avchives, UK series, Vol. V, pp. 1542, 1543, 1558, 1568; Vol. VI, pp. 1470, 1484; 
5th series, Vol. I, p. 1332 ; Vol. II, pp. 640, 647 ; Vol. Ill, p. 509. 

Warpield (Charles Alexander) was elected a member of the Anne 
Arundel County Committee of Observation at a meeting of the county inhabi- 
tants, held at Annapolis, September 12, 1775. In January, 1776, he was ap- 
pointed First Major of the Elk Ridge Battalion, and in July following the 
Council of Safety appropriated £600 to enable him to carry on the manufacture 
of saltpetre. — American Archives, Uh series, Vol. Ill, p. 693 ; Vol. IV, p. 736 ; VoL 
V, p. 1596 ; Vol. VI, p. 1505 ; 5th series, Vol. I, p. 1342. 

Warpield (Walter) was Surgeou of the Second Maryland Regiment in 
June, 1781. — SaffelVs "Records of the Revolutionary War" p. 235. 

Waterman (Phillts) was allowed 15s. in September, 1776, and the same 
amount in October, 1776, by the Maryland Council of Safety, for nursing the 
sick in the hospital on the Western Shore. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. 
II, pp. 627, 639. 

Waters (Wilson), aged 77 years, of Anne Arundel County, was placed on 
the pension-roll, August 31,1832, for services as Surgeon's Mate in the hospital 
department. — " Pension Roll" Vol. 13, p. 45. 

Welch (Robert) was commissioned September 2, 1776, by the Maryland 
Council of Safety, Assistant Surgeon of Col. Evving's Battalion of Flying- 
Camp. — American Archives, 5th series, Vol. II, p. 626. 

Wiesenthall (Charles Frederick), of Baltimore, was elected a member 
of the Baltimore County Committee of Observation in January, 1775. In De- 
cember, 1775, he was appointed supervisor of the manufacture of saltpetre for 
Baltimore County, and March 2, 1776, he was commissioned by the Maryland 
Council of Safety, Surgeon of the Maryland Battalion. He received various 
commissions and offices of trust from the Council of Safety. — American Ar- 
chives, 4th series, Vol. IV, pp. 725, 984, 1700, 1705; Vol. V,pp. 186, 1010, 1540, 
1552, 1571 ; Vol. VI, p. U59;5th series, Vol. I, pp. 112, 433, 758, 942, 1056, 1091, 
1331, 1332, 1339 ; Vol. II, pp. 210, 347, 458, 660. 

Wootton (Sprigg) was elected a member of the Frederick County Com- 
mittee of Observation, aud of the Committee of Correspondence, at a meeting 
of the inhabitants of the county, held September 12, 1775. — American Archives, 
Uh series, Vol. Ill, p. 694. 

Wootton (Thomas Sprigg) was elected June 11, 1774, at a meeting of the 
inhabitants of the lower part of Frederick County, a member of the Committee 
of Correspondence, and a member of the Committee to attend the meeting of 
the General Committee at Annapolis. He was a delegate from Frederick 
county to the Maryland Convention in June, 1774, and July, 1775.— American 
Archives, Uh series, Vol. I, pp. 403, 439 ; Vol. Ill, p. 101. 



11 

of the physicians — all I have been able to collect — who petitioned 
the Legislature for the charter. The sketches are arranged in 
alphabetical order.* 

* Biographies of the Chartered Members of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. 

Dr. Ashton Alexander was a native of Virginia, but long a resident of 
Baltimore, and one of the chartered members of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty or Society of Maryland. He died at his residence in Baltimore, March 
1855, at the age of eighty-six. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1795. His thesis was on the "Influence 
of one disease on the cure of another." As a physician and a gentleman he 
was greatly beloved. 

Dr. James Anderson, a native of Maryland, died at Rockville, Montgomery 
County, May 9th, 1836, aged seventy six. 

Dr. James M. Anderson, Jr., of Kent County, was the eldest son of a well 
educated Scotch physician of the same name who settled in that county. His 
preliminary studies were prosecuted at Washington College. He studied 
medicine with his father, and also under Dr. Rash. As the custom then was, 
he attended one course of lectures at Philadelphia, and then went to Edinburgh, 
where he received his medical degree. On his return he was associated with 
his father in practice, and enjoyed a high reputation both as physician and 
surgeon. He was also one of the petitioners for the charter. He died at his 
country seat, near Chestertown, December 8, 1820, aged sixty-nine 

Dr. John Akcher, a native of Harford County, Maryland, was the first 
graduate in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1768, when he re- 
ceived the degree of M. B. He was an ardent patriot in the Revolution, and a 
member of the Committee of Correspondence for Harford County. He was 
public-spirited and an influential citizen, as well as a skilful physician, and 
filled many positions of honor and trust in the State. He was one of the peti- 
tioners, and is named in the charter of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
of Maryland. He married Catherine, eldest daughter of Thomas Harris. A 
number of his sons and lineal descendants have held prominent positions in 
the profession and under the government. He died in Harford County, Mary- 
land, September 28, 1810, aged sixty-nine. 

Dr. John Archer, Jr., eldest son of Dr. John Archer, was born in Harford 
County, Maryland, May 23, 1768. He received a liberal education. He studied 
medicine with his father, and at the Philadelphia Medical College, and then 
commenced practice in his native place. In May, 1803, he was married to 
Elizabeth Philips, by whom he had two sons and one daughter. His oldest son, 
John T. Archer, also studied medicine. The Doctor was one of the chartered 
members of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. He died at his 
residence on Bush Run, Maryland, October 7, 1821. 

Dr. William Beans, Jr., a native of Maryland, one of the petitioners, and 
is named as one of the incorporators of the act of incorporation of the Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. He resided at Upper Marlboro', and 
enjoyed, throughout life, an enviable reputation as a physician and a citizen. 
He died at his residence, October 12, 1828, in his eightieth year. 

Dr. Charles A. Beatty, born in Pennsylvania, 17o2, died in Georgetown, 
D. C, October 13, 1838, aged seventy-six. His academic education was received 
under Rev. Dr. Balch, at Lower Marlboro'. He attended a course of lectures 
at the University of Pennsylvania. He practised for some time on the Patuxent, 
but in 1780 or 1781 removed to Georgetown, where he obtained a good pro- 
fessional business. He served for some time as surgeon in the army, but re- 
signed in 1800. He married Eunice Beall. He laid out on his lands adjoining 
Georgetown, an extension known as Beatty and Hawkins' Addition. The 
Doctor is named as one of the incorporators of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland. 

Dr. Morgan Brown, a native of Kent County, Maryland, and one of the 



12 

During the long and honorable existence of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, its ranks have been filled by 

chartered members of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. He 
received his academic education at Washington College, Maiyland. He 
studied medicine with Dr. Edward Worrell, and attended one course of lectures 
at the University of Pennsylvania. He was a successful and popular physician 
of Kent County, and died at his residence in the summer of 1842, aged 
seventy-three. 

Dr. Gust a vus Brown, a native of Maryland, practised with success for many 
years in St. Mary's County. He was the grandson of Dr. Gustavus Brown, Sr., 
who came from Scotland to Maryland, and settled at Rich Hills, in Port 
Tobacco, early in the eighteenth century. The subject of this sketch was 
educated in Edinburgh. He died about 1804. 

Dr. George Buchanan, a native of Baltimore, Md., was the son of Dr. G. 
Buchanan, of Scotland, who emigrated to America and settled to practice in 
Baltimore. He was named, along with George Walker, commissioner in 1729 
in an Act by the Maryland Legislature, entitled "An Act for erecting a town 
on the north side of the Patapsco, in Baltimore county, and for laying out into 
lots 60 acres of land in and about the place where one John Henning now lives," 
which is the present city of Baltimore. He was one of the chartered members 
of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Md. He attended lectures at the 
University of Pennsylvania, where he received the degree of Bachelor of 
Medicine in 1785. His thesis was " The Physiology of Respiration." He 
settled in practice in his native place. He possessed considerable means, and 
was a man of great influence in society. 

Dr. Thomas Craddock was in active practice in or near the city of Balti- 
more as early as 1771. He was one of the petitioners to the Legislature, and 
is named in the charter of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty or Society of 
Maryland. 

Dr. Arnold Elzey, a native of Maryland, and named in the charter of 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, was a resident of Montgomery 
county. He was commissioned a surgeon during the war of 1812, and after the 
war was made post surgeon at Washington, a position he retained to the time of 
his death, which occurred June 6, 1818, aged 60. He had a large practice, par- 
ticularly among Government employees. He was one of the Vice-Presidents of 
the Medical Society of District of Columbia at the time of his death. 

Dr. Robert Goldsborough, a native of Maryland, was named in the 
charter of Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and for a number of 
years its President. He resided and practised his profession with great repu- 
tation in Centreville, Queen Anne's county, for over 40 years. He died Septem- 
ber 30, 1849, aged 77. 

Dr. Daniel Jennifer was a practitioner of repute in Charles county, and 
is named in the act of incorporation of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty or 
Society of Maryland. He served as a surgeon in the Continental army, to 
which he was commissioned August 26th, 1776. 

Dr. James Murray, one of the chartered members of the Medical and Chirur- 
gical Faculty or Society of Maryland, was for many years the leading physician 
of Annapolis, for nearly 61 years, and the preceptor of many physicians who 
rose to eminence. He died at his residence, December 17, 1819, aged 80. 

Dr. John Owen, of Baltimore, was one of the chartered members of the 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty or Society of Maryland. He died at his 
residence in Baltimore in October, 1824. 

Dr. Arthur Pue, one of the chartered members of the Medical and Chirur- 
gical Faculty or Society of Maryland, was a successful practitioner in the city 
of Baltimore and its vicinity, as early as the year 1771. He was a man of influ- 
ence and physician of prominence. 

Dr. John T. Shaapf was a native of Frederick county, Maryland. His pa- 
rents were German. He received a good classical education, and received his 
degree in medicine from the University of Edinburgh. He practised for a time 



13 

more than two generations of physicians, who have inherited as a 
legacy the past records and prestige of an association that from its 

at Annapolis, Maryland, but removed to Georgetown, D. C, where he enjoyed 
a good practice to the time of his death, April 30th, 1819, at the age of 65. 
He was one of the chartered members of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland. He was also a chartered member of the Society of the 
District of Columbia, and vice-president of the Columbia Institute. 

Dr. Edwaisd Scott, one of the chartered members of the Medical and Chirur- 
gical Faculty of Maryland, died at his residence, Georgetown Cross Roads in 
Kent county, October 1st, 1803. He was the son of Dr. Scott of Chestertown. 
He received his academic education at Washington College, Maryland. He 
studied medicine with his father, but was for a time a pupil of Dr. James M. 
Anderson. 

Thomas Noble Stockett, a native of Maryland, was a practitioner of note 
in Anne Arundel county, and is named in the charter of the Medical and Chir- 
urgical Faculty or Society of Maryland. His ancestral place was near Anna- 
polis, where he settled after the war of Independence, in which he served as a 
surgeon, acquired a large professional business, and enjoyed the confidence of 
the whole community. He died May 16th, 1802, aged 55. 

Dr. Henry Stevenson is named in the act incorporating the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty or Society of Maryland. He engaged in the practice of 
medicine at Baltimore as early as the year 1763. He built a large and elegant 
house near the York Road. In 1768 he converted this splendid mansion, 
" Stevenson's Folly," to the very laudable purpose of a small-pox infirmary for 
the reception of 3 r ouug men, whom he successfully inoculated before the prac- 
tice had become general. 

Dr. Barton Tabes, a native of Maryland, one of the chartered members of 
the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, died at Great Mills, St. 
Mary's county, Maryland, October 30th, 1818, aged 61. He had but just 
concluded his medical studies when the Revolutionary war began, and betore 
the age of 20 years was appointed in the Maryland Line, commanded by 
General Smallwood. He served to the close of the struggle for independence, 
and then settled to practice in St. Mary's county, where he acquired a large 
professional business. He was twice married. His son Benjamin studied medi- 
cine. For many years he was one of the associate judges of the county. 

Dr. John Tyler was born in Prince George's county, June 2.9th, 1763; died 
in Frederick, Maryland, November, 1842. He was the son of Samuel and 
Susanna Duvall Tyler. His paternal ancestors came to Maryland from Eng- 
land about 1660, and his maternal ancestors from France about 1680. Having 
acquired a good academic education, he commenced the study of medicine 
with Dr. Smith of Georgetown (now in D. C.) In June 1784, at the age of 
twenty-one, he went to London, and there continued his studies at St. 
Bartholomew's Hospital, from which he received a diploma. He also 
prosecuted his studies under the most noted teachers and surgeons of that day, 
and spent some time at the University of Edinburgh. He received a certificate 
of proficiency from Hunter, Baillie, Fordyce, and others. In the fall of 1785 
he settled to practice in Frederick, Maryland, and soon obtained a large and 
lucrative practice. He. married Catherine Harrison of Prince George's 
county, Maryland. His careful anatomical and surgical studies were of 
vast advantage to him in his practice. He was among the most successful in 
surgical operations at the time in the county, and was especially noted for 
his success in couching for cataract, being sent for from Richmond, Va., the 
interior of Pennsylvania, and to almost every point within a range of 100 
miles. A record of his operations on the eye is preserved, and is in the 
possession of Dr. Grafton Tyler of Georgetown, D. C. He was an officer in 
the expedition to Western Pennsylvania, known as the " Whiskey Insur- 
rection," when by exposure he contracted a deafness of which he was never 
relieved. After about twelve years' practice, having acquired a handsome 
estate, he retired from practice. He was one of the petitioners and is named 
in the charter of this society. 



14 

organisation has exercised a benign and elevating influence upon 
the profession of the state. The citizens of Maryland from an 
early period have given special encouragement to well-educated 
professional men, and the state has at different times supplied 
to other states noted physicians to dignify and shed the lustre of 
their eminent abilities upon the state of their adoption.* 

Measures that have in the past promoted the usefulness of our 
profession deserve to be kept in remembrance; but it is also 
our duty not only to keep advancing our knowledge in all that 
pertains to medical science, but likewise to make the discoveries in 
medicine and improvements in hygiene available and useful to the 
public. In these respects the state of Maryland, and particularly 

Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield is named as one of the chartered 
members of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty or Society of Maryland. 
He was a patriot and a surgeon of the Revolution. Died at Bushy Park, 
Anne Arundel county, Maryland, July 29th, 1813. He took a prominent part 
in the measures which led to the destruction of the cargo of tea in the harbor 
of Annapolis in October, 1774, just before the outbreak of the Revolution. 

Dr. Wilson Waters, a practitioner of Anne Arundel county, was a sur- 
geon in the Revolutionary War. He is known as one of the chartered mem- 
bers of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty or Society of Maryland. He died 
at his residence in Anne Arundel county, Maryland, February 5th, 1836, 
aged 78. 

Dr. John Woolford, a native and a resident of Somerset county, was one 
of the petitioners for, and named in the charter of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland. He was a man of sterling worth and great influence in 
his section. He died in Princess Anne, in Somerset county, November 15, 
1836, aged 76. 

Dr. Charles Worthington was born near Annapolis, October 9, 1759, and 
died in Georgetown, D. C, September 10th, 1836. He was the son of Colonel 
Nicholas Worthington, of " Summer Hill." Having acquired a good academic 
education, he studied medicine with Dr. James Murray, of Annapolis. He 
attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1782 received the 
degree of Bachelor of Medicine. On his return home he was appointed to 
the " Maryland Flotilla," doing duty in the Chesapeake Bay. On the recogni- 
tion of American Independence, he settled to practice in Georgetown, D. C, 
where he continued to enjoy a large professional business to the close of his life. 
In 1788 he married Elizabeth Booth, of Williamsburg, Va. The Doctor was 
the leading physician of Georgetown before the District of Columbia had an 
existence. He was one of the chartered members of the Medical and Chirurgi- 
cal Faculty of Maryland. In 1817 the Medical Society of District of Columbia 
was chartered; he was one of the physicians included in the act of incorpora- 
tion. He was annually elected President of this latter society until 1829, when 
he declined further election. 

Dr. Samuel Young, of Hagerstown, Md., is one of the chartered members 
of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty or Society of Maryland. He died at his 
residence in the summer of 1838, in his 100th year. He was greatlj esteemed 
for his worth as a man, and for his skill and experience as a physician. 

♦Although instances of this kind are comparatively numerous, I will only 
mention the names of Drs. Thomas and Phlneas Bond, brothers, who studied 
medicine with Dr. Hamilton, of Annapolis, Md., and then settled to practice 
in Philadelphia, and through long lives occupied the first rank in the pro- 
fession in that city of great medical reputation. 



15 

the city of Baltimore, have fully kept pace with the requirements 
of the times, by the establishment and support of educational, 
benevolent, and curative institutions. But through the liberal 
gift of one of your lately deceased citizens you are afforded an 
opportunity for the establishment and support of a University and 
hospital, with an ample fund, such as has not occurred in the history 
of the world. It is scarcely necessary to say that the founder of 
this magnificent charity, Johns Hopkins, lived and acquired his 
wealth in this city, and most nobly and judiciously has he provided 
for its perpetual usefulness. 

It may well be asked, do the City of Baltimore and the State 
of Maryland fully appreciate the importance of this great trust ? 
Will the trustees and managers come fully up to the require- 
ments of the age and the expectation of the medical profession, 
so as to make these institutions the best of their kind ? Nothing 
seems to be wanting to secure this end. I have the utmost con- 
fidence in the wisdom and ability of the trustees, and in their dis- 
position to take counsel so as to select the best plans and adopt 
the most advanced views of hospital construction and manage- 
ment. Every hospital of necessity becomes a sort of clinical college. 
But with this university let there be the most complete and con- 
venient physiological and chemical laboratory in America ; and 
also all the requirements of a first-class medical school, so that the 
profession and the public may bless the memory of its founder and 
its managers for all time to come. 

Your State Board of Health, authorised under a liberal state 
law, has been organised with intelligent sanitarians to conduct its 
workings. Their judicious management must popularise its pur- 
poses and render it useful to the public. This institution is des- 
tined to become an agent of great importance in protecting the 
public health. Through it the profession will be supplied with a 
class of facts connected with the vital statistics of Maryland, and 
be put in possession of the knowledge of ^the conditions that 
depress the vital energies or cause excessive mortality in particular 
parts of the state. It is to be regretted that the facts collected by 
the United States census bearing upon vital statistics have not 
been reported by the smaller political divisions of cities, towns, and 
counties, instead of merely by states and districts, as this omission 



16 

impairs their usefulness for comparison. To meet this want in part, 
and to assist the mind to appreciate the whole number of physicians 
in the State, the population and territory over which their labors 
extend, I have constructed a table, from data furnished by the 
United States census report, giving, as far as practicable, these facts, 
which is appended as a note.* 

The configuration of the State of Maryland, and its geographical 
position, lying as it does along the Atlantic ocean and the Chesa- 
peake bay, ensures for all the level tide-water region a mild cli- 
mate ; while the elevated western portion is rugged and mountainous, 
with a lower temperature and a generally more bracing air. The 
figure of the State upon the map resembles to some extent a right- 

* In 1850 the whole population was 583,034, of whom 990 were physicians, 
a proportion of one physician to every 588 of the population. The total 
mortality for the year was 9,621. In 1860 the whole population was 687,049, 
of whom 1,093 were physicians, being one physician to every 628 of the 
population. The total mortality for the year was 7,374. In 1870 the whole 
population was 780,894, of whom 1,257 were physicians, being one physician to 
every 621 of the population. The total mortality for the year 1870 was 9,740. 
Further details will be found in the accompanying table : — 



Counties. 



Alleghany .... 
Anne Arundel 
Balto. C. & Co. 

Caroline 

Calvert 

Carroll 

Cecil 

Charles 

Dorchester . . . 

Frederick 

Harford 

Howard 

Kent 

Montgomery.. 
Prince George 

St. Mary's 

Somerset 

Talbot 

Queen Anne.. 
Washington. . 
Wicomico. . . . 
Worcester 



Total , 



Popula- 
tion 
in 1800. 



6,303 
24,061 
59,306 

9,226 

7,307 

9,038 
19,172 
15,343 
30,523 

3,070 

11,771 

15,058 
21,185 
14,857 
17,358 
13,436 
14,857 



18,552 



312,806 



.5 o 



105 



Popula- 
tion 
in 1870. 



38,536 
24,457 
330,741 
12,101 
9,865 
28,619 
25,874 
15,738 
19,458 
47,572 
22,605 
14,150 
17,102 
20,563 
21,138 
14,944 
18,190 
16,137 
16,171 
34,712 
15,802 
16,419 



780,594 



GO C3© 
88 .00 

m 



27 
35 
425 
19 
18 
63 
29 
23 
22 
86 
35 
21 
24 
35 
43 
23 
14 
18 
22 
62 
14 
16 



1,074 





t GO 


One 


c ~ 


Physician 


eS 


in 1870 


s -^ 


to every 






m 


1,430.96 


1108 


698.77 


492 


777.74 


716 


584.25 


330 


548.05 


235 


453 93 


453 


892.20 


409 


684.29 


499 


884.45 


770 


552 68 


642 


645 85 


480 


673 80 


300 


712.58 


318 


587.65 


508 


49158 


500 


642 75 


429 


1,299.28 


536 


896 5 


360 


735.04 


422 


550.19 


463 


1,128 71 


400 


1,020.18 


596 




10976 



a o 

>>^3.2 



41.03 
14.00 

1.68 
12.01 
13.00 

7.01 
10.41 
29.07 
35 02 

7.46 
13 07 
14.28 
13.25 
14.51 
1163 
18.69 
38.28 
20.00 
19 63 
37.62 

8.50 
27.26 



17 

angled triangle, the right angle being at the north-easterly corner. 
The base of the triangle is the northern boundary, running east 
and west 190 miles along the southern border of Pennsylvania. 
The eastern boundary along the State of Delaware is the per- 
pendicular line of the triangle, and runs almost due south to the 
southern limit of the latter State, and thence east to the Atlantic 
ocean. The hypothenuse of the triangle is formed from the 
" Fairfax Stone " standing in the south-western corner, and by the 
windings of the Potomac River, the general course of which is south- 
east. The State of Maryland is traversed from her northern border 
in an almost southerly direction by the Susquehanna river and 
Chesapeake bay to the southern boundary, something over 140 
miles, and having a width varying from seven to twenty miles, 
thus dividing the state into what is familiarly known as the East- 
ern and Western Shores. About one-tenth of the whole area of 
the State is covered with water, much of it salt. This broad sheet 
of water no doubt contributes largely, by imparting its heat in 
winter, to moderate the extremes of temperature which occasionally 
visit other states lying in the same latitude. The annual rainfall 
throughout tide- water Maryland is abundant ; being about forty-six 
inches for a few miles along each shore of the bay, and through 
the rest of the alluvial lands about forty-four inches. The 
mean annual temperature for the year for the southern counties 
is given by Prof. Lorin Blodgett at 58° Fahrenheit, being 4° 
warmer than it is at Baltimore or Washington ; and throughout 
the middle counties of the Eastern and "Western Shores the mean 
annual temperature is two degrees milder than it is in Baltimore. 
These climatic conditions are quite sufficient to make a great 
difference in the inauguration and success of various enterprises 
and agricultural pursuits. Something like one-half of Maryland 
may be geologically considered as drift or alluvial. The limits of 
the two formations will in a general way be indicated by the line 
taken for the construction of the railroads from Baltimore to 
Washington, and from Baltimore to Philadelphia by way of Havre- 
de-Grace. All the lands lying south and east of this line belong 
to the more recent geological formations. As might be expected 
the tide-water region is co-extensive with the alluvial formation 
throughout the State, and is but slightly elevated above tide. 
2 



18 

In studying the topography of Maryland, I have availed my- 
self of all the geological, railroad, and canal surveys that I could 
find ; and as I proceed, shall present profiles of some of these sur- 
veys, as they form largely the data from which my deductions are 
made as to the contour of the section through Avhich they pass. 
I do not in this address claim that degree of accuracy of state- 
ment and description which a personal inspection or survey of the 
state for the special purpose of a report upon the physical geo- 
graphy, would have ensured. I assume that every physician com- 
prehends the great influence that the topography of a state or 
section of country, its drainage, its water-courses, its elevation 
above tide, its ponds, marshes, hills, uplands and mountains, have 
upon health. 

The highest ridge crossed by the surveys for a canal, and also a 
railroad between Washington and Baltimore, is near Waterloo, 
and is but 200 feet above tide.* (See profile marked A and B.) 
The land upon the Eastern Shore, but more particularly the four 
southern counties, except for limited areas, rise but a few feet 
above tide. Perhaps they do not give an average elevation of 
above fifteen feet. Taking the whole Eastern Shore, the average 
elevation would not be over forty feet above tide. 

I am enabled to give a profile, marked C, of the Eastern Shore, 
taken from Prof. P. T. Tyson's geological map of Maryland, as given 
in Martenet's Atlas. Although made to illustrate the geology of the 
section, it also gives a correct impression of the elevation of the 
whole Eastern Shore. 

The Western Shore, or Southern Maryland as it is sometimes 
called, embraces all the territory between the Potomac river 
and the Chesapeake bay. The highest points of land on the 
Western Shore are near Washington ;f some of them within 

* These surveys cut across all the ridges and streams between Washington 
and Baltimore. The Elkridge and Annapolis Railroad follows the divide 
between the Severn and South rivers from the city of Annapolis to the Anna- 
polis Junction on the Baltimore and Washington Railroad. The point of 
bisecting the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad is 179 feet above tide. The 
hill just west of Annapolis is 150 feet, and the Coast Survey Signal Station, 
near Annapolis, the highest available point, is 247 feet. It is probable that 
there is no land in Anne Arundel county that is 300 feet above tide. 

fFort Meigs, 3£ miles east of the Capitol, is 304 feet above tide. Fort 
De Russy, just west of Rock Creek, is 354 feet, and Fort Gaines, also west of 
Rock Creek and northwest from the Capitol, but within the District, is 403 
feet. The two last named forts are west of the line suggested as dividing the 
itertiary from the older geological formations of the State. 



19 

the District of Columbia, which on account of their height 
were selected as points for the location of batteries and fortifica- 
tions for the protection of Washington during the war between 
the States. Fort Meigs is probably the highest point of land 
in southern Maryland. 

To give a more comprehensive and graphic view of the general 
elevation and contour of the Western Shore, I have had copied 
profile marked D, from Prof. Tyson's geological map of the 
country along the Potomac river. This line runs a little east of 
south from Washington city, to the mouth of St. Mary's river. 

I also present a profile, marked E, of the survey of the Baltimore 
and Potomac Railroad from Bowie to Pope's creek, the general 
direction of which is a little west of south. The latter gives the 
highest ridges and lowest depressions encountered on the line, 
and not the track of the road, which follows the divide between the 
Patuxent and the Potomac rivers. The highest ridge encountered 
on the line is a little north of Cheltenham station, and is two 
hundred and forty-tour feet. The average elevation of the road 
is perhaps but little over one hundred feet. The ridge or divide 
is in many places narrow, in others it extends on either side for 
several miles. Swamp and overflowed lands are to be found in 
many places along all the streams that enter the Potomac, the 
Patuxent, and Chesapeake Bay.* The extent of low and over- 

I am indebted for the following elevations of points, chiefly in Southern 
Maryland, to J. H. Alexander's Geological Map of Maryland, published in 1840: 

In St. Mary's county a hill west of Leonardtown 100 feet, a hill a little north- 
west of Great Mills 200 feet. 

In Charles county a hill southeast of Newport 150 feet, a hill east of Budd's 
Ferry 100 feet, a hill west of Nottingham 150 feet. 

In Prince George's county a hill east of District line, believed to be Silver 
Hill, 300 feet, a hill north of Upper Marlboro' 100 feet, a ridge running in a 
northwesterly direction from Marlboro' 150 feet. 

In Montgomery county a hill northeast of Great Falls 250 feet, a hill north- 
east of Kockville 250 feet, a hill northwest of Beltsville 300 feet, Iesborn's Cross 
Roads 300 feet, a hill northwest of Iesborn's 400 feet, a hill west of Waterloo 
350 feet. 

In Carroll county a hill east of Westminster 700 feet, a ridge northwest of 
Manchester 800 feet, a hill near Union Mills 700 feet. 

Frederick County Valley 400 feet, Middletown Valley 500 feet. 

In Washington county, forks of Antietam creek 400 feet, ridge at Bakersville 
450 feet, Hagerstown 600 feet ; Stone Fort, Maryland Heights, one and a half 
miles east ol Potomac, 1300 feet. 

In Calvert county, on the peninsula between the Patuxent and the Chesa- 
peake Bay, a hill west of Cove Point 100 feet; a hill near Prince Frederick 150 
feet. 

* The following are the names of the more important streams emptying into 
the Potomac River on tide-water : 



20 

flowed lands increases as you descend toward the southern counties. 
St. Mary's county is nearly level. Large tracts of her land are 

Rock creek and the Eastern Branch or Anacostia, within the District of 
Columbia. 

In Prince George's county, the first stream that enters in descending the 
Potomac is Oxen creek. Immediately below Fort Foote, Broad creek or 
Hensen Branch. 

To the south of Fort Washington, comes in Piscataway creek with its broad 
mouth. This stream extends almost across the county to the divide, which 
in this region is near the Patuxent. Along this stream there is low ground, 
and at certain seasons much water-soaked land. 

The Pomunkey creek enters the Potomac from Charles county, running in 
a south-westerly direction. 

Mattawoman's creek, which drains a large area of Charles county, empties 
into Potomac, 27£ miles below Washington. The head-waters of this creek 
rise in Prince George's county, within a few miles of the Patuxent. There is 
not only much water-soaked land along its course, but at times there is much 
back-water. 

Nangemoin sound or creek empties into the Potomac river, fifty two miles 
from Washington, by a broad and deep mouth. This creek is not long, but is 
divided into a number of branches, which retain for some miles a considerable 
breadth, and along which there is a good deal of low land. 

Port Tobacco river enters the Potomac about ten miles below Nangemoin. 
This river has a deep, broad channel, through which, at one time, was carried 
on with the town of Port Tobacco a considerable trade. Recently, the upper 
end of the channel has been filling up. 

Pope's Creek enters fifty-eight miles below Washington. This is the ter- 
minus of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, of which a profile of the country 
through which it passes is given in another place. 

The Wicomico river, the largest one emptying into the Potomac, is the line 
dividing Charles from St. Mary's county. It is a wide, deep stream, running 
through Charles county some fifteen or twenty miles, and is theu continued 
in a north-easterly direction. From the head of this river runs across Charles 
county, Zakia Swamp. or Creek, emptying into the Wicomico at a point known 
as Allen's Fresh. 

The Choptank creek runs westerly out of St. Mary's county, and also empties 
dnto the Wicomico. 

St. Clement's bay rises in the north-western part of St. Mary's county, from 
the divide of the Patuxent, and runs in an almost directly southern course 
through St. Mary's county, and empties into the Potomac eighty-six miles 
-below Washington. This bay has numerous branches, draining a large area 
of rather low but rolling land. 

Breton's bay is eighty-eight miles from Washington, extending well up into 
St. Mary's county, in a north-easterly direction, with very deep water and good 
navigation for large steamers for six or eight miles, its head-waters arising 
from the divide between the Potomac and Patuxent. St. George's river enters 
just south of Piney Point; the last is a sluggish stream draining but little land, 
and indeed, they all should be termed rather marshes than creeks, as is Flood's 
creek, Poplar creek, Back creek, and Hunting creek. 

St. Mary's river runs in a southerly direction, emptying into the Potomac 99 
miles below Washington, through a broad bay-like mouth of very deep water. 
It affords good navigation for large vessels some 12 miles or more. The town 
of St Mary, on this river, was the site selected by the first settlers of Mary- 
land in 1634. It was for several years the capital of the colony, now the State 
of Maryland. It is to this locality the earliest mention of the practice of medi- 
cine within the State is referred. 

With St. Inigoes and Smith's creek we close the list of the chief streams 
that drain Southern Maryland into the Potomac. 



21 

covered at certain tides and seasons, and during the prevalence of 
particular winds. 

The data for compiling a complete hypsometric map of Mary- 
land have never been collated, although much labor toward this 
end has been expended by Prof. Alexander ; but from a discussion 
of all the available facts bearing upon the question, I estimate that 
from eighty to one hundred feet would be a fair average elevation 
for the whole Western Shore. 

But I ought to assume that the members of this Association are 
more familiar and better informed on the subject of the physical 
geography of Maryland than myself. 

At first sight it would seem singular that the tide at Washing- 
ton, D. C, should have a mean rise of three feet, while at Baltimore 
it has but 1.3 feet, at Point Lookout 1.4 feet, and at Annapolis 
but 0.9 of a foot.* This is accounted for by the great depth and 
width of the Chesapeake Bay, the tides in it partaking of the 
character of ocean tides; while in the Potomac the tides are of 
the character usual to rivers that become rapidly shoal and narrow.* 

I dwell upon the tide- water region of the State because it is the 
section of all others requiring the genius and skill of the best 
hygienist to make it salubrious. The climate is admirable, and the 
soil, though thin in sections, could soon be made, and as easily kept, 
fertile, and its healthfulness improved. Elevated localities are 
more healthy than low ones, and I hold that there is a progressive 
degree of salubrity from tide-water to an elevation of over two 
thousand feet. 

While maintaining these views, I believe it to be the duty, in- 
deed an obligation resting upon the profession, as far as possible, to 
render habitable, through the aid of sanitary science and professional 
skill, every locality where man finds it profitable or desirable to 
dwell. There are but few places in the world where the genius 
of man, when earnestly directed to the measure, has not been able 
to so change existing natural conditions, or so modify habits and 
modes of life, as to conduct expeditions and prosecute enterprises 
with a very considerable degree of safety to health. I am in- 
clined to believe that the chief drawback or check to the develop- 
ment and increase of wealth and population in tide-water Mary- 

* Coast Survey Report, 1861. 



22 

land is the malaria that infests this region. This mysterious poison 
is only known by its effects. We can neither see it nor handle it. 
Judging from the localities where it is most abundant, we know 
three factors favor its production : heat, moisture, and exhalations 
from decaying matter, particularly when in connection with shallow 
ponds and water-soaked soil. We also know that its favorite 
haunts in the United States are the lowlands, the sea-shore, and the 
water-courses flowing toward the ocean below 1,000 feet above tide. 

In the discussion of this subject I aim to stimulate effort and keep 
alive the hope of the profession and of the people, that some 
sanitary measures may yet be adopted, or a prophylactic supplied, 
that will make it possible for the inhabitants of the tide- water por- 
tion of the State to enjoy as high a degree of vigor and health as 
the residents of the more elevated western counties. I am in- 
clined to think that it would not be an over-estimate to place the 
loss of time from sickness solely attributable to malaria, that each 
laborer throughout this portion of Maryland sustains, at an average 
'of ten or fifteen days in the year. In addition to this actual loss 
of time, there is suffered by the whole population a depression of 
the vital forces, that is a most serious drawback to the success of 
the various enterprises essential to the accumulation of wealth and 
support of a dense population. In the early part of this century, 
Frederick, Washington, and other counties suffered from miasmatic 
fevers. Improved modes of farming, and particularly the ditch- 
ing and underdraining of the water-soaked lands and the drying 
up of all stagnant ponds, have made them among the healthiest 
counties in the State. Fortunately, improved agriculture and 
sanitary measures harmonise perfectly, and ought to co-operate 
and march hand-in-hand, each demanding that when the soil is 
water-soaked that it be dried, either by surface or under-drainage. 

Gentlemen, you know better than I how far the tide-water 
counties are susceptible of improvement in this direction. It is to 
this end that the topography of the State should be studied by 
medical men. That large tracts of land in the State lying along 
the streams emptying into tide- water have been considered valueless 
because of stagnant ponds, but which may be recovered and made 
profitable for agricultural purposes, and at the same time redeemed 
from being hotbeds of miasm, is certain ; and the accomplishment 



23 

of this work but a question of time in the progress of sanitary science. 
I wish to be permitted to suggest, what may have occurred to 
many of you, namely, that the Legislature should be requested to 
appoint a competent civil engineer, to act in conjunction with the 
State Board of Health, and of which he should be a member. 
He should make a complete survey of all the swampy, badly 
drained, and water-soaked lands of the State, and suggest measures 
for abating the nuisance, with an estimate of the cost. Every 
acre of land redeemed from swamp to successful agriculture, 
will to that extent increase the wealth and improve the salubrity 
of the neighborhood. Owners of land build their houses and 
tenements without the least regard to sanitary conditions. Health, 
the most important consideration for a residence, is generally not 
thought of. Nearly every tract of land requiring a dwelling- 
house upon it, presents sites likely to be selected by an engineer 
or hygienist, and under the influence of such teaching would 
lead to vast improvements in public health. The intelligence of 
the age demands that the judgment and opinion of competent 
sanitarians ought to be taken as to the healthiest locality and 
construction of dwelling-houses, in the rural districts as well as in 
cities. 

The physician owes it to the community to make a study of the 
salubrity of the region into which he is called to practise, and 
particularly to discover the agents that undermine the vigor of the 
inhabitants, and to set himself earnestly to remedy these evils. 

An act to facilitate the draining of lands in certain counties in 
Maryland was passed by the Legislature as early as the November 
session of 1790. The act was amended in 1799, so as to extend 
and include other counties. I have not had time to investigate 
what late legislation there may have been upon this important sub- 
ject. These laws left the initiation of this work with the people own- 
ing the lands, and looked wholly to their increased value and pro- 
ductiveness. Now the principle that should rule in this matter is the 
preservation of the public health, which in all cases is public wealth. 
The State becomes a party to an act of folly, if not one of crime, 
when it permits the continuation of a pond or marsh generating 
miasmatic poison that ordinary engineering skill might prevent. 



24 

Eveiy measure that tends to improve health will encourage a 
denser population, and bring into prominence portions of the State 
perhaps hitherto neglected, but with judicious management can 
be made to attain inexhaustible productiveness. 

The extensive beds of shell marl that exist throughout tide- water 
Maryland, which your agricultural chemists and geologists have so 
well described and accurately pointed out as existing in different 
parts of the State, if utilised, will for all time keep the lands 
fertile. 

Low swampy sections too are more likely to suffer from want of 
pure wholesome water for drinking and domestic purposes, than 
well drained sections. It is a recognised fact that spring and 
well-waters are always affected by the soil or rock strata through 
which they percolate. The sources of supply too may be con- 
taminated from closets, foul pools, stables, and the like. Your 
State Engineer, Agricultural Chemist and Geologist, are eminently 
qualified to point out the regions where the drinking waters are 
poor, or the source of contamination, if any exist, and make sug- 
gestions to secure a supply of healthy rain-water by cisterns or 
otherwise. 

The collecting and preserving of ice for domestic use is condu- 
cive, not only to comfort, but to the better preservation of meat and 
other table necessaries, and consequently promotes public health. 
Everything that will tend to preserve eatables in the freshest and 
most palatable state will aid health. 

That portion of the State lying north and west of the railway 
from Washington through Baltimore to Philadelphia, occupies a 
higher plane, and has a different soil from the tide- water portion of 
the State. This first bench or plateau may be described as foot- 
hills to the mountains that rise farther west. 

The geology and the soil of your State have been so carefully 
studied and so accurately described, that I will not attempt to add 
anything to that department of her history, or take up your time 
by alluding to geological strata, farther than seems important to 
describe the topography and source of water-supply, as they both 
exercise important influences over the public health. This belt of 
foot-hills lying between the alluvial lands and the foot of Parr's 



25 

Ridge, has a width varying from twelve to twenty-five miles, but 
which at no point perhaps rises to a height of much over six hundred 
feet. It crosses the State south-westerly, directly from the Susque- 
hanna river, through Harford, Baltimore, Howard and Mont- 
gomery counties, to the Potomac river. 

I am enabled, through the courtesy of J. M. Hood, President of 
the Western Maryland Railroad, to present a profile, marked F, of 
a. survey of a proposed railroad from the Susquehanna river, at the 
mouth of Deer creek, to Howard's Switch, on the Philadelphia, 
Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, about eight miles north-east 
of Baltimore. This survey runs in a south-westerly direction 
through Harford and Baltimore counties, and crosses all the ridge 
in this section of the State. Riddle's Summit, 275 feet, is the 
divide between the Great and Little Gunpowder ; the next point 
as you approach Deer Creek is Booth's Summit, 367 feet.* This 
proposed road traverses a rolling, or rather rugged section. The 
south-western portions of Howard county, and adjacent parts of 
Montgomery and Prince George's, are quite flat, and with much 
imperfectly drained land, which exercises an unfavorable influence 
upon the health of that section. 

¥e will now turn our attention to Western Maryland ; and by 
the courtesy of the President of the Western Maryland Railroad 
company, I am enabled to present a profile, denoted G, of the 
country through which this road passes from Baltimore to Williams- 
port. Between these points, it is the line of greatest average eleva- 
tion of any survey I have seen. About ten miles from Baltimore, 

* The highest point of land within this belt is to be found near Reisterstown, 
where the track of the Western Maryland Railroad is 610 feet above tide. 

Catonsville, Ellicott City, and Elk Ridge, are high, but do not attain an equal 
elevation. Elk Ridge has points of nearly the same elevation. 

The Coast Survey Signal Station, selected because of its being the highest 
available point in the vicinity of Washington, is located on Mr. Stabler's farm, 
eighteen miles almost due north from the Capitol, and is by actual measure- 
ment 470 feet. This belt has much valuable agricultural land. It is drained 
north-east of Baltimore by Jones' Falls, the Little and Great Gunpowder 
rivers, Winters' and Bynn's runs, and by Deer creek; the latter empties into 
the Susquehanna River. South of Baltimore it is drained by the Patapsco 
and _ its branches, the Paiuxent, the Eastern Branch of the Potomac or Ana- 
costia, the Seneca and Rock creek; the latter emptying into the Potomac at 
AVashington. Most of these streams afford water-power along them, which is 
extensively used for mill purposes. This belt of the State, considered entire, 
has an average elevation of about 250 feet. Its soil is formed from the disin- 
tegration of the outcropping rocks and stratas of clay, gravel, &c. There are 
extensive quarries of granite, marble, limestone, slate, iron-ore, and kaoline. 



26 

the elevation of the track reaches 400 feet, and gradually rises 
until it passes Reisterstown, where it is 610 feet. This is perhaps 
the most elevated section east of Parr's Ridge. The next notably 
high point on the road is encountered on Parr's Ridge, which is 
crossed at Westminster at an elevation of 700 feet. The Blue 
Ridge is crossed at an elevation of 1370 feet. All along this road 
there are fine views, and a constantly varying landscape, with well 
cultivated farms. The general elevation of this section of the 
State, with its rolling and well drained lands, must secure for its 
inhabitants a high degree of health. All the lands of Western 
Maryland gradually become lower as you proceed south to the 
Potomac river. 

Profile H is a survey of a proposed canal from the Patapsco up 
its west branch to Parr's Ridge, where it was proposed to tunnel for 
the distance of 4532 feet, at an elevation of 555 feet above tide, 
thence to follow the Linganore down to the Monocacy, and along 
it to the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. 

Profile K is a part of a profile taken from Prof. Tyson's geolo- 
gical map of Maryland, which gives the elevation and depression 
from Sideling Hill to the mouth of the Patapsco, crossing all the 
intervening mountains and ridges. 

Profile L represents the elevations on the Baltimore and Ohio 
railroad, from Point of Rocks to Baltimore, which crosses Parr's 
Ridge at Mount Airy, at an elevation of 755 feet, near the line 
traversed by the canal survey reported in profile H. 

I present still another profile, marked M, which is the survey of 
the Metropolitan Branch railroad, the most southerly, and at the 
same time crosses Parr's Ridge at the lowest elevation of any of the 
five lines of surveys from Baltimore to Cumberland. This road 
leaving Washington in a north-westerly direction, before reaching 
Silver Spring Station, attains an elevation of over 200 feet. 
Damascus Ridge is crossed west of Rockville, at an elevation of 
516 feet. This is a displaced spur of Parr's Ridge, and. the 
latter is crossed twenty-eight miles from Washington, at an eleva- 
tion of 524 feet. 

These several profiles convey a very good impression of the 
contour of the country east of the Blue Ridge. 



27 

Parr's Ridge rises in Pennsylvania, where it is known as Slate 
Ridge ; traverses Carroll county, Md., forming the boundary between 
Frederick and Howard counties ; and crossing Montgomery, reaches 
the Potomac east of the mouth of the Monocacy river, where it 
is broken up into moderately elevated hills, and is throughout 
its whole length a healthy region. One of these spurs is known as 
Sugar Loaf Mountain, a noted feature in the landscape, rising 
to an elevation of 1300 feet. The ridge is perhaps nowhere over 
five miles broad at its base, but rises in many places rather 
abruptly. The average elevation of its summit I estimate at 750 
feet. Proceeding westward across Parr's Ridge, we reach the 
valley of the Monocacy, known as Frederick county, which ex- 
tends across the whole width of the State, and includes Frederick 
and Middletown valleys, a rich limestone soil with some red land. 
They were settled chiefly by thrifty German agriculturists, at an 
early period in the history of the State. A rich marl bed exists 
in the Monocacy, a little south of Frederick. The valley is 
comparatively level from north to south, and has a width of from 
ten to fifteen miles. It is drained by the Monocacy, which has its 
head-waters near Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania, and by the Tusca- 
rora creek. The latter empties into the Potomac at Point of 
Rocks. The valley rises gradually from the river to Parr's Ridge, 
and westerly from the same stream to the Catoctin Mountain, 
which is a spur of the Blue Ridge or South Mountain, as it is 
called in Maryland. The average elevation of the valley is about 
400 feet. The crossing at the Double Pipe creek, by the Western 
Maryland railroad, near the head of the valley, is but 280 feet 
above tide. 

The South or Blue Ridge Mountain, a few miles from the Penn- 
sylvania boundary, separates into two distinct ranges, both, how- 
ever, extending in a south-westerly direction across the State, and 
having nearly equal height. At a few points their summits rise 
to 1600 feet, the average being between 1200 and 1300 feet, the 
Blue Ridge proper being the higher of the two. The more easterly 
branch of the Blue Ridge, in Frederick county, is known as 
the Catoctin Mountain. The southern extremities of these ranges, 
where they reach the Potomac, are about ten miles apart, the one 



28 

known as the Point of Rocks, and the other the Maryland Heights 
at Harper's Ferry.* The valley between these is known as Mid- 
dletown valley, one of the most beautiful and fertile in the State. 
It has a rich limestone and red land soil, and is drained by the 
Catoctin creek. The average elevation of the valley is about 500 
feet above tide. At Weavertown there is an immense water-power 
in the Potomac, which is scarcely used at all. The portion of the 
country lying along the Potomac is subject to chills. 

Passing westward across the Blue Ridge, which divides Freder- 
ick county from Washington county, we enter what is familiarly 
known as Hagerstown valley, forming a part of the latter county. 
This county also occupies the whole breadth of the State, which 
at Hancock is but about five miles wide. In a westerly direction 
'it extends from the summit of the Blue Ridge to the eastern base 
of Sideling Hill mountain, crossing and including North Moun- 
tain as it traverses the county in a south-westerly direction. Be- 
tween the latter mountains and the Blue Ridge the land is of an 
excellent quality. Limestone being abundant, and the soil pro- 
ductive, it is among the leading wheat-producing counties in the 
State. This part of the country is drained by the Antietam, which 
has been made memorable by the great battle fought on its banks ; 
the Conecocheague and Licking creeks, all rising in Pennsylvania, 
assist in draining the region to the south-west, across Maryland, 
and emptying into the Potomac river. These streams have con- 
siderable fall, affording fine water-power. The lands are well 
drained, as is usual where limestone formations exist. The spring 
water in the valley partakes of the character of the rock forma- 
tions ; those draining from the springs of the ridge are either 
pure or impregnated with iron or sulphur. Mineral springs of 
some local note exist in the vicinity, chiefly sulphur and chalybeate ; 
one spring is said to resemble the celebrated Bedford spring water. 
The average elevation of the level plane of this country, east of 
North Mountain, is but a little above that of Frederick county, 

*The crests of the Catoctin and the Blue Ridge mountains in Maryland 
offer the most desirable cool and healthy sites for summer cottages to be found 
anywhere within easy reach of Baltimore and Washington. Families could 
here erect cheap frame structures, for occupancy only during the heated term, 
at a very moderate cost, and be within two hours of the city. The tempera- 
ture at the elevation of these mountain summits would be about the same 
as found at Kingston in Canada. There would be less dampness than is found 
on the summit of the Alleghany mountains. 



29 

and probably would not exceed 550 feet ; that west of the North 
Mountain is higher, perhaps 700 feet. Some of the lands along 
the Potomac are low as compared with the other portions, and 
such are subject to malarial diseases, but the interior portions of 
the county are very healthy. West of Washington county lies 
Alleghany, also occupying the whole width of the State. This 
county has within a few years been divided, forming the new 
county of Garrett out of its western portion. The city of Cum- 
berland, the second in population in the State, is situated on its 
southern border at the confluence of the Potomac river and Will's 
creek. It lies nearly central between the eastern and western boun- 
daries of the county. The average elevation of the city of Cum- 
berland within its corporate limits is about 650 feet. The country 
as you go west is entirely mountainous, and traversed by a number 
of mountain ranges with local names,* all bearing south-west. 
Narrow valleys of rich arable land lie between all these moun- 
tains. In the one between Green Ridge and Polish Mountain is 
situated Carroll's Spring, a place of some resort in summer. There 
is another mineral spring at Flint Stone. The average elevation 
of the valleys is about 800 feet, and the whole county would 
probably have an average elevation of 1000 feet. This county 
is drained by a number of streams. f The whole country, from 
this to the western border of the State, presents the character of 
timber and soil usual to the Appalachian chain of mountains, with 
rapid streams and mountain vegetation. Mining and lumbering 
is the chief occupation of the inhabitants, who are generally noted 
for good health. That portion of the county situated along the 
Potomac river, as far west as New creek, is subject in the fall to 
malarial diseases. The contour of the country from the western 
boundary of Washington county to the north-western corner of 
the State is admirably shown by profile marked N, which is copied 
from Prof. Tyson's Geological Report of Maryland for 1840. 
This line follows the direction of the old National Road. 

* SideliDg Hill has an elevation of about 1500 feet, Town Hill 1400 feet, 
Green Ridge about 1100 feet, Polish Mountain 1200 feet, Warren's Mountain 
1000 feet, Martin's Mountain 1400 feet, Everett's Mountain 1000 feet, Wells' 
Mountain 1500 feet, and Davis Mountain 1900 feet. 

fTurpin's, Fifteen Mile creek, Tower Hill creek, Sawpit run, Sawmill run, 
Flint Stone, Snap creek, Wills' creek, Jenny's run, and George creek. The 
latter, the largest, forming the eastern boundary of Garrett county, and draining 
the valley between Davis mountain and the Great Savage mountain. 



so 

The last profile I will show is that of the Baltimore and Ohio rail- 
road, which runs in the same general direction, but a little south 
of the former. 

Garrett County occupies the summit of the Appalachian chain of 
mountains, and embraces all the north-western corner of the State, 
and is entirely mountainous, with an average elevation of from 
1,800 or 2,000 feet. In some few places the Alleghany mountains 
rise to the height of 3,000 feet. About twenty miles westward 
from the crossing of the Great Savage mountain you encounter a 
range known as the Little Savage mountain, the south-western 
end of which, however, is called "Hoop Pole ridge." About 
twelve miles further west you reach Meadow mountain, and 
west of this Negro mountain ; west of these are Keyser's ridge 
and Winding ridge. The summits of these mountain ranges are 
all above 2,000 feet. Between some of them there are valleys of 
comparatively flat land, with extensive natural meadows and with- 
out timber. These lands have a deep black fertile soil, making 
excellent pasture lands, and known from an early period of our 
country as " the Glades," and which extend into Pennsylvania and 
Virginia. 

Here, on the broad summit of the Alleghany mountains, at an 
elevation of from 2,000 to 2,500 feet, I am inclined to believe can be 
found as healthy a summer resort as there is in the United States. 
In this vicinity the thermometer rarely rises above 85° Fahren- 
heit at mid-day in summer, and falls below 70° during the night. 
Diseases incident to children in cities, caused by continued high 
temperature, do not occur at this elevation, and are cured by even 
a short residence on the summit of the mountain. Malaria in 
Maryland does not rise to an elevation of over 1,000 feet. 
Farming is carried on to a very limited extent, but grazing and 
the manufacture of cheese and butter are found to be profitable. 
Savage river and its branches drain the extensive valley that 
lies between the Little and Great Savage mountains into the 
Potomac river. The mineral wealth of this part of the State 
seems to be inexhaustible. All the other valleys are drained 
into the Youghiogeny river by its numerous ramifying branches, 
and conducted through Pennsylvania to the Ohio river. These 
mountain streams contain an abundance of trout ; and the forests 



31 

of the mountains shelter plenty of game, which invite to vigorous 
exercise those fond of hunting and fishing. 

This region will yet draw from the cities to its cool and peaceful 
shades many invalids who have in the past been in the habit dur- 
ing the summer of going to the sea-shore. Here most invalids 
will be able to recuperate physical vigor with a rapidity greater 
than at any summer resort at a low elevation, as they can spend all 
the hours of the day in the open air, and at night can enjoy sound 
and refreshing sleep. I can not, I think, too strongly recommend 
this region as a summer resort for families with small children, 
and particularly those of moderate means, as the necessities of 
living are found here at minimum prices ; and fashion has not yet 
encroached upon simple habits, or forbidden out-door exercise 
in the summer sun and mountain breeze. 

In presenting these imperfect remarks, the best that the very 
brief time, allotted me for the purpose, has enabled me to put 
together, I have endeavored to do no more than to present a series 
of observations and facts, which I hope may be useful to the 
profession of the State, in connection with whatever measures may 
from time to time be adopted for the protection of the public health 
of Maryland. If I have accomplished anything in this direction I 
shall consider that my humble efforts have not been altogether 
futile ; and if in the attempt I have trespassed unduly on your 
time, I trust I may be pardoned for having undertaken what 
seemed to be a duty. 

Gentlemen, I thank you for your polite and patient attention. 



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CONTRIBUTION TO THE 



Medical History and Physical Geography 



OF MARYLAND. 



By JOSEPH M. TONER, M. D 



Reprinted from the Transactions of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 

Maryland, 1875. 



BALTIMORE: 
INNES & COMPANY, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 

1875. 









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